Since the first identification of bone marrow (BM) mesenchymal stem cells a precursor bone lineage cells in 1970, a subsequent series of studies on these cells have made tremendous progress

Mesenchymal stem cells are non-hematopoietic progenitor cells derived from connective tissue that exist and can be expanded from various tissues of adult and neonatal origin, such as bone marrow, umbilical cord, cord blood, adipose tissue, amniotic fluid, placenta, dental pulp, and skin.

Mesenchymal stem cells have been shown to have the ability to differentiate into distinct mesenchymal cell lineages, including adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic lineages. Furthermore, several studies have reported differentiation transformation capabilities into more specialized cell types originating from other germ layers, such as neurons and fibroblasts, under certain culture conditions.

Although they share basic characteristics, it must be kept in mind that mesenchymal stem cells are a heterogeneous population consisting of diverse cell types and their properties and functions may therefore vary depending on the cell sources and methods of cell isolation, culture and manipulation.

Finally, they express specific surface markers such as CD73, CD90, Sca-1 and CD105, but not negative markers such as CD14 or CD11b, CD34 and CD45. However, many subsequent investigations have changed the concept of markers that distinguish mesenchymal stem cells from other cell types