Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess multidirectional differentiation potential and the ability to self-renew, meaning that these cells are capable of differentiating into multiple cellular tissues and organs under appropriate conditions. Furthermore, MSCs exhibit low immunogenicity, a homing effect, and immunomodulatory functions. Based on their multifunctional properties, MSCs hold great promise in the treatment of immune and inflammatory diseases.
In recent years, numerous studies have demonstrated that MSCs have made significant progress in the treatment of intractable diseases. The immunomodulatory mechanisms of MSCs are primarily mediated through direct cell-to-cell contact with immune cells and the activity of endocrine cells. MSCs exert primarily immunosuppressive effects, preventing an excessive immune response and modulating both innate and adaptive immune cells. Furthermore, MSC-derived exosomes and modified MSCs can enhance their biological properties, particularly their immunomodulatory functions.
Additionally, statistical results have shown that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a common and effective cell source in cell-based clinical therapy, and their clinical applications represent approximately 7% of clinical stem cell therapy. Current studies have demonstrated that MSCs can be considered a promising therapeutic option for treating resistant inflammatory diseases, immune disorders, and even COVID-19 due to their immunomodulatory effects.
However, before expanding the clinical applications of MSCs, a comprehensive understanding of their underlying mechanisms is crucial. In this review, we summarize the latest studies on the immunomodulatory effects of MSCs and discuss their potential clinical applications.
