Medical Articles

Malignant stem cells (MSCs) can inhibit T cell proliferation in vitro and can therefore be used to treat severe graft-versus-host disease (GVHD).

Studies have shown that when MSCs are cocultured with T cells, indoleamine-pyrrole 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is upregulated, leading to tryptophan consumption and the accumulation of its metabolites, thereby reducing T cell proliferation. When natural killer (NK) cells were cultured in the presence of MSCs, activation of the NKp30, NKp44, and NKG2D receptors was suppressed. Sotiropoulou et al. demonstrated that MSCs inhibit the surface expression of 2B4 and CD132 without affecting CD16 expression in NK cells.

Liposomes are small, hollow spheres composed of a layer of phospholipids that can be filled with DNA or other molecules during their formation. Liposomes fuse with the membranes surrounding most animal cells, and the liposome contents eventually enter the cells. Both positively charged and negatively charged liposomes are used as DNA carriers in gene therapy; this process is called lipofection.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide and represents a major public health problem. This response aims to explore various aspects of breast cancer, including statistics, risk factors, prevention methods, early detection, and treatment.

Heart failure (HF) affects approximately 40 million adults worldwide, and its prevalence is estimated to increase by 46% in the next decade.